In today's world a lot of attention on increasing housing, which is carried out mainly by industrial metodomi, on typical Projects.
 The purpose of the blog - to help those who want to build a house with his own hands.

This blog is a popular form of building houses out issues from a variety of materials. Special attention is given to methods to put land, stone, carpentry, carpentry, concrete, roofing, plastering, painting, upholstery, and other construction works.

Successfully used in the construction of parts of reinforced concrete and other similar materials. But such traditional materials as brick, natural stone, tiles, wood, used still fairly wide, especially in the industrial construction. When building a house or utility room builders often need not only material, but also expert advice.

The fact that the construction has to perform many different tasks mentioned earlier and just the right to perform for long service life alignment home.
 Besides the main construction phase there is a huge amount of questions seemingly insignificant at first glance, but the ignorance of which leads to negative consequences and financial costs in the future.
Preparation for construction Laying the foundation Walling Roofing telecommunications.

Disclose technical "secrets" of the various construction work - is the goal of the blog.

Supporting structure - foundation

Foundation - supporting structure of the building, which takes all the load from the overlying structures and distributes them to the ground. Usually made of concrete, stone or wood.

Foundations are usually laid below the freezing depth of soil in order to prevent them from buckling. On nepuchinistyh light soils during construction of wooden buildings used melkozaglublennye foundations.

Building construction will be a tape, glasses, bar, pile foundations and WOOD. They are prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated monolithic. The choice depends on the foundation of seismic areas, the soil and the architectural decisions.

Manufacture of concrete foundations is possible at temperatures above 5 ° C, which essentially limits the seasonality of the construction work. Carrying out work at lower temperatures, possibly using technology elektroprogreva.

 Classification of foundations

 By appointment: 

•  bearing;
• Combined, that is capable, in addition to the supporting functions, also serves as seismic protection; 
• Shallow burial grounds in natural or artificial; 
• Deep foundations; 
• Special, for example, the experimental anti-seismic "swing" foundations, "floating" foundation, the pressure is equal to the pressure of dredged material and other

  By material:

1.  stone:

•  Crushed;
•   rubble concrete;
•   brick.

     2.  Reinforced concrete:

•   team;
•   monolithic.

      3.   Wood.
      4.    from cellular

 Construction of foundations:

•  pier foundation;
• Belt (precast or monolithic);
• buried (below the freezing depth); 
• malozaglublenny (above the freezing depth);
•  Pile (precast or monolithic);
•  on precast piles;
•   trubobetonnyh on stilts; 
•   on bored piles; 
•   printed on stilts; 
•   a stilt-shells; 
•   on screw piles; 
• Pile-foundation rostverkovy;
• slab; 
• Continuum, that is very bulky, large, often close to a circle or a square, which can not be seen as detached columnar, slab, strip or pile foundation. Usually it is: bridge supports, silos, bins, etc.

 

  

Covering a building or roof

Covering a building or roof - top design of the building, which is used to protect against rain, rain and melt water. The other main feature is its thermal insulation (heat retention and protection from overheating).The term "cover" more often used for industrial buildings or rooftops bescherdachnym (known as combined) , that is, design is both attic floor or to the roof and attic floor together.  More generally, the main types of coatings is referred attic roof bescherdachnye roof-span flat and spatial coverage. Coverage must be calculated on the perception of a constant load (dead weight) and time (snow cover, the horizontal wind pressure) loads encountered during the operation.Shell roof, exposed to weathering is called roof. It should be waterproof, moisture-resistant, resistant to chemical attack, solar radiation, frost and other influences. The main properties of the roof is a light, durable, economical to manufacture and use.The roof structure and choice of roofing material is determined at the design stage and is dependent on the design of the facade and roof decking technology.

Flat roofs.

Flat roofs usually have a small slope to roll down from the roof water efficiently. Commonly referred to as flat roof with a slope of 3%. Such coatings are usually solved as bescherdachnye.

Flat roofs can be exploited (patio) and unexploited.

They may well a playground, open-air cafes, outdoor cinemas, sports facilities and more. Also, the area of ​​these roofs can be used for plants, also called "green roof."

Flat roofs are more common in the South and East.

 

Attic roofDomestic helpers are called attic roof rafters.The most common in Europe and in Russia are different types of pitched (sloped) roofs.The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes, called rays, which are based rafters and purlins. The lower ends of rafters supported by mauerlat - beam which supports the slanted wooden rafters and for distributing the load created by the roof structure. Mauerlat located on the upper inner exergue stone walls .. The intersection of rays forms and horizontal ribs. Horizontal edges are called hobby. Intersection ramps forming outside corners, creating valleys and valley sheet. Edge of the roof above the walls of the building is called the eaves (placed horizontally in favor of circuit exterior walls) or Gabled overhangs (located obliquely). The water flows down the slope to the wall troughs and discharged through rainwater in gutters and into storm sewers.Also part of the roof is a cornice gable dormer, aerator, gutter, downspout, snow retention, penetration, heating cable.Modern roof - is a complex structure that consists of multiple components: windscreens, parogidroizolyatsionnoy film, insulation, roofing, and very many others. Also do not forget that the proper construction of the roof provides ventilation space between the rafters and the roof covering part of, protection against condensation and heat loss.

 

Form of attic roofs.Basically divided into pitched roof and flat. Pitched vary in shape and number of rays:One pitched roof: builds its supporting structure (system of trusses, truss, etc.) on the exterior walls, which are at different levels. Shed roofs are used mostly in the construction of porches and terraces, outbuildings, warehouses. Two pitched roof: is the most popular classic design. It is also called gable. There are variations of roofs with hanging rafter forms or sloping rafters. The many variants of this type must include a roof with uniform or non-uniform slope angle or the size of the eaves.Hip roof: all such roof slopes, in the form of isosceles triangles that meet at a point. The defining element in it is symmetric. Applied to buildings in the form of a square or an equilateral polygon.Hipped roof: hipped it: two slope are trapezoid, and two others from the end wall - triangles (called hips). Species gambrel roofs are poluvalmovaya and Danish roof (hybrid hip and gable). In Japan (and China), there is an analogue of Danish roof, called irimoyya (irimoya, Japanese.)Poluvalmovaya roof: the side slopes (poluvalmy) are cut and have the line slope shorter than the main slopes. Used where necessary to protect the gables of adverse environmental effects.

Many gable roof: it is satisfied on the houses with complex polygonal plan. These roofs are more valleys (inner corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersection of the roof slopes), which requires high skill in the performance of roofing work.

 Dome and conical roofs: they are used for covering buildings circular shape in plan.

 Flat roofs are most widely used in civil and industrial construction. In contrast to the pitched roofs, flat roof is not used as a piece of roofing and sheet materials. There need materials that allow the device a carpet (bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, and paste). The carpet must be flexible enough to take thermal and mechanical deformation of the base of the roof. As the base, use of insulation, bearing plates, ties. Sometimes flat roofs do exploited, or "green."

 

Roofing

Roofing - roof cladding or coating of the building, exposed to weathering. Its main function is to divert rain and melt water. The main properties of the roof is a light, durable, economical to manufacture and use.

The roof consists of a base layer (crates, solid flooring, ties), which rests on the carrier structure, roof insulation layers and coatings, protecting the insulation from the environment. The roof can be insulated in varying degrees. From inside the roof structure can be applied vapor barrier to prevent the negative effects of condensation.

That from the roof on a flat roof effectively rolled water, they have a small bias.

Since the roof is directly exposed to environmental stresses, it should be waterproof, moisture-resistant, resistant to aggressive chemicals against solar radiation and frost, should not be subject to warping, cracking, should not melt, warmed by the sun. In connection with this work the reader is laborious.

 

Roofing materials.

    Ruberoid - the most used material in flat roofs and roofs with low slopes.
    Asbestos-cement sheets.    Corrugated is a corrugated steel sheet, painted, galvanized or otherwise coated.
    Galvanized sheet steel used in the folded roof, can be a piece and roll.
    Corrugated bitumen sheets of cardboard.
    Wooden roofs (TEC shingles, shingles) cheap in material, eco-friendly, can breathe truss construction, but require skilled roofer.
    Roofs made of natural stone (slate), virtually unlimited service life.
    Copper - a very durable material and without additional processing. It is resistant to weather events and other environmental influences. Formed on the copper coating consisting mainly of oxides, which protects the metal from corrosion.
    Titanium-zinc (zinc or titanium) - modern roofing material. Economically, it is quite advantageous because less copper, and in their aesthetic characteristics close to tinned copper. Externally, the roof of the titanium-zinc and tin-plated copper will look almost the same. Standing seam roofs service life of titanium zinc up to 140 years or more.
    Aluminium - a reliable and promising material for roofing. Sheets with a special polymer coating ensures a long service life and the color of the roof. Light weight aluminum roof can reduce the need for supporting structures, which reduces the cost of construction. The service life of an aluminum roof not less than the roof of copper. It is 100-150 years.
    Parchment - bespokrovny material obtained by impregnating roofing paper soft oil bitumen. It is used as a backing material.
    Roofing felt - is produced by coal-impregnated roofing paper or slate Degteva materials and subsequent topping it with one or two sides of the mineral powder. Use it at the device roofs.
    Reed, straw, sod roof (or other local materials).
    Keramoplast basis for the production of the product is a polymer with a special additive, which is a natural ingredient, with excellent reinforcing properties.
     Roof tiles:
        Ceramic roof tiles, virtually unlimited service life. Heavy tiling stabilize the roof absorbs rain and wind. Due to the large thermal inertia of the tiling, warmed up in the afternoon in the sun, after a long and slow approach gives the accumulated heat, creating an air flow under the roof, ventilated and dry the roof structure. This property is only natural tile.
        Metal simulates ceramic tile, but not weight design, with her worst performance of thermal insulation and noise insulation (eg, in the rain), can accumulate static energy, and therefore require grounding.
        Bitumen shingles (also: shingles or soft tile) - is a roofing material made from glass fiber by impregnation with bitumen and stone powder pellets, a lot of options for color and size. Tile is easy to install, quiet and does not have to accumulate static energy.
        Cement-sand tile ceramic has many properties but is much cheaper.
        Composite tiles (metal with stone grit, quiet tile) is a multi-layer roofing sheet of steel, coated on both sides Aluzinc alloy. In the role of decorative and protective coating acts crumb of natural stone, the top covered with a matt glaze.

    

    

Rafters - pitched roof support system

Rafters - pitched roof support system. Consist of sloping rafters, vertical supports and inclined struts. If necessary to "link" across the bottom podstropilnymi horizontal beams.

 Types of trusses

Rafters can be divided into naslonnye, hanging and hanging farm with sleepers.

Naslonnye rafter ends rest on the walls of the building, and the middle part (with the span between supports more than 4.5 m) - at intermediate supports. Hanging rafters is based only on the ends of the building. Hanging rafters are satisfied in the case when the distance between the supports (exterior walls) does not exceed 6.5 m The additional support allows you to increase the width of overlapping rafters up to 12 m, and the two towers - up to 15 m.

 

 ConstructionEnd rafters with spineNotched end tightening Studable raftersThe connection of the upper ends of raftersRafters consist of:

    sloping rafters,
    upright posts
    and inclined struts.Reliance rafters made:

    In wooden bruschatyh or chopped buildings on the upper crowns
    in frame - on the top tie.
    in stone houses on mauerlat bars 140-160 mm thick.Mauerlat can be placed along the entire length of the building or enclose only a bridle leg. In the event that a section of rafters have a small width, they may eventually sag. To avoid this, use a special lattice consisting of a rack, struts and bolts. For making posts and struts use boards 150 mm wide and 25 mm thick wooden plates or derived from the log, the diameter of which must be at least 130 mm.To secure the rafters applied tightening connecting the lower ends of each rafter rafters. Sliding on tightening rafter end may violate its integrity. To prevent slipping, cut in a bridle leg tightness recommended tooth, spike, or both simultaneously. In addition, it is desirable to set the rafters approximately 300-400 mm from the edge.

 

Construction, planning and land improvement

Individual developers usually have to deal not only with building a house, but the layout and landscaping of the site.
At the same time he must perform the architectural, fire and health requirements, creating the best conditions for living and recreation.

Each site must have a non-blurry rain tracks reversal sites for car travel and narrower track to pass people.
For children to play close to home it is recommended to select a small area and a number of easy to build a gazebo with a roof.
Landscaping area predpolrgaet particularly its alignment (eliminating pits and mounds).
Sites are usually limited (pending) fence. Fence of the fence or brick, made in the cage of reinforced concrete (solid or reshetchitaya) always quite beautiful. Wooden and metal fences should paint waterproof paint.

Materials for building a house

All building materials must meet certain requirements as to the quality of the durability of the house, its appearance and value.



Stone materials.

For laying the foundations of houses, bases, posts, walls, as well as fillers in concrete and mortars, various stone materials.

 Gravel - small stones are small. Gravel is schebnevidnym, malookatannym, egg-shaped, well-rounded, flakiness and needle. Gravel - the size in length from 5 to 20 mm, the average - from 20 to 40 mm, large - from 40 to 80 mm.

Crushed stone - stone of the same size as gravel, are crushing rocks or bricks, heavy blast-furnace slag, pumice.
Gravel and crushed stone are placeholders in different concretes. They must be clean, with dirty, they are well washed.

Sand - can be river, lake, mountain, gully.
Ravine and mountain clogged with clay impurities, lake - mud. Contaminated sand is washed, the content of clay, silt, dust and other impurities must not privyshat 5%.
Used as a filler for the preparation of mortars and concretes.
On sand grain size is divided into small, medium and large - from 0.15 to 5 mm.
Ordinary sand called heavy, with crushing slag pumice. Receive so-called lightweight sand.

Brick - is red clay - Burned and lime, or white. Red brick lay fundamental, pillars, walls, chimneys.
Silicate, and also hollow, perforated, porous bricks are used for masonry walls, columns and partitions.

Refractory and refractory bricks - used for masonry firebox or internal surfaces of stoves and fireplaces. His life above the red several times.

Binders.

Used for making mortar or concrete. Binders are divided into the air (gypsum) and hydraulic (cement).
Air - only harden in the air and washed away with water, hydraulic - starting to harden in the air and continue to harden in water.
Cements - the best hydraulic binders substance hardening both in air and in water. They grasped quickly and harden quite a long time (days). Initial setting must occur no earlier than 45 minutes, the end - not later than 12 hours after mixing.



Black binders.

Bitumen - oil products. In building used mainly solid, semi-solid and liquid petroleum bitumen.

Selecting projects home

The house is best to build the project. Creating Projects, architecture provide maximum comfort for people living in it, offer the most advanced design - sturdy, cheap, durable, legkovypolnimye.

The projects include the construction of houses of a single material, such as brick, concrete, block, wood ...... but it can also be constructed of any other material.

The draft plan provides for the house, its sections, Foundation plan, walls, ceilings, attic, basement, floor, and a version of the site development.